Human papillomavirus

general informationHPV is an extremely widespread virus group around the world. There are more than 190 types of this virus, of which at least 13 lead to the development of cancer (they are called high -risk risks). The human papilloma virus is transmitted mainly with sexual contacts, and most people are infected with them little time after starting to lead sex. Two types of HPV (16 and 18) cause 70% of all cases of cervical cancer (RSHM) and precancerous pathological states of the cervix.

The probability of getting sickThe human papilloma virus is transmitted mainly with sexual contacts, and most people are infected with them little time after starting to lead sex. But penetrating sex is not necessary to transfer the virus. The genital contact of the belly is a well -established path of transmission of infection by papillomavirus. Groups at risk of HPV infection are children and adolescents from 15 to 18 years old.The cervical cancer develops following the sexual means acquired of infection by certain types of HPV. Risk factors for the development of RSM: the first sexual intercourse at an early age; Many sexual partners; The removal of immunity (for example, people infected with HIV undergo an increased risk of HPV infection and are infected with a wider range of types of VPV).

Symptoms and nature of the disease courseMost HPV infections do not lead to the appearance of symptoms or diseases and are transmitted (around 90% go within 2 years). However, stable infection by certain types of HPV (most often with the types of 16 and 18) can lead to the development of precancerous pathological conditions. Without treatment, these conditions can be transformed into cervical cancer. Today, cervical cancer is the most common disease associated with the human papillom virus. College cancer is the fourth among the most common types of cancer in women, and the seventh in general: according to estimates, 528, 000 new cases in the world were in 2012.RSM symptoms generally only appear at the advanced cancer stage and may include the following elements:Irregular, intervening (between menstruation) or pathological vaginal bleeding after intercourse;Back pain, legs or in the pelvis;Fatigue, weight loss, loss of appetite;Unpleasant sensations in the vagina or discharges with an unpleasant odor; An swollen leg.In the last stages, more serious symptoms may appear.Papillomavirus infection is also involved in 20 to 90% of cancer of the plane cells of the anus, oropharynx, vulva, vagina and penis. According to estimates, up to 90% of all cases of anal cancer are due to HPV-16 and HPV-18, and 40% of cases of vulva cancer, which is mainly in elderly women, are associated with HPV-16.HPV infection due to low -risk risks causes anogale warts in men and women (pointed condylomas or sexually transmitted warts). The average time between infection by types of HPV-6 or 11 and the development of sexually transmitted warts is 11 to 12 months in men and 5 to 6 months in young women 16. Anogenital condylomas are difficult to treat.HPV-6 and HPV-11 can also cause a rare condition known as recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (RRP), in which warts are formed in the larynx or other parts of the airways. RRP is observed mainly in children under 5 years of age (PRP juvenile) or in people in the third life (adult RRP). In rare cases, women with genital HPV infection can transmit the virus to the baby during childbirth. An absurd RRP can lead to a serious problem due to the obstruction of the respiratory tract.

Complications after the diseaseIt has been established that RSM in 100% of cases is due to oncogenic as a type of human papillom virus (HPV). In women with a normal immune system, cervical cancer develops in 15 to 20 years. In women with a weakened immune system, for example, with HIV infection in the absence of treatment, its development can only take 5 to 10 years. Despite limited data on an angeenita, cancer, different from cervical cancer, an increasing number of real data indicates the relationship between human papillomavis with the anus, the vulva, the vagina and the penis. And although these types of cancer are less common than RSHM, their link with HPV makes them potentially capable of preventing through the use of the same primary prevention strategies than for cervical cancer.The types of HPVs that do not cause cancer (in particular types 6 and 11) can cause sharp condylomas and respiratory papillomatosis (a disease in which tumors develop in the respiratory tract leading from the nose and the mouth to the lungs). And although these conditions are very rarely leading to death, they can often lead to a disease. The sharp condylomas are spread and extremely infectious.

MortalityThere is a high world mortality in cervical cancer (52%), the cause of which is human papillomavirus. In 2012, around 270, 000 women died from RSM and more than 85% of these deaths occurred in low and average income countries.

TreatmentRSM screening tests precancerous conditions and cancer in women who do not have symptoms and that feel entirely healthy. If screening reveals precancerous pathological conditions, they can be easily treated and thus prevent cancer. Screening can also identify cancer at an early stage with a high probability of healing.Since precancerous conditions have been developing for many years, each woman aged 30 to 49 is recommended to undergo screening at least once in a life, and better often. Screening is effective in reducing the mortality of cervical cancer only in the case of a significant number of women.3 different types of screening are currently available:The usual Papanicolau test (PAP) and liquid cytology (LBC);Visual verification using acetic acid;Test on high risk types of HPV.In developed countries, there are programs that provide women with screening possibilities, allowing you to identify most of the precancerous conditions at the steps when they can be easily processed. Early treatment of human papillom virus allows you to prevent up to 80% of RSM development cases in these countries. In developing countries, limited access to effective screening means that the disease is often only detected in the last stages, when symptoms develop. In addition, the treatment of disease at these later stages is ineffective, which leads to high levels of mortality from the RSM in these countries.

Vaccination efficiencyThe results of the clinical trials indicate that the two existing vaccines today are safe and very effective in the prevention of infection 16 and 18. The two vaccines are more effective if vaccination is carried out before the exposure of the human papillomavirus. Therefore, it is preferable to perform vaccination before the first sexual contact. Vaccines do not treat an infection or HPV disease associated with HPV (such as cancer).In some countries, the vaccination of boys against the human papillom virus is introduced, taking into account the fact that it allows you to prevent genital cancer in men and women, and one of the available vaccines also prevents the development of genital warts in men and women. In addition, boys' vaccination is used to prevent the circulation of HPV in the population of adolescents and young adults. WHO recommends the vaccination of girls aged 9 to 13, as it is the most effective, in terms of costs, a measure of public health against cervical cancer. VOPCIination against HPV does not replace screening with cervical cancer. In countries where the VPV vaccine is promulgated, it may also be necessary to develop screening programs. At the end of 2013, the human papillom virus vaccine was introduced into 55 WHO countries.Modern mathematical models show that the coverage of girls aged 12 to 13, a complete primary immunization course (3 doses) with a papillomavirus infection vaccine, it is possible to predict the risk of cervical cancer development by 63% at age. 30 years - 27%.

VaccinesCurrently, two vaccines protect from 16 and 18 types of human papillomavirus, causing at least 70% of cervical cancer. These vaccines can also provide some protégé against other types of less common HPV, causing RSM. One of these vaccines also protects from HPV 6 and 11 types, which cause anogenital condylomas.The development and recording of papillomavirus infection vaccines have determined the possibility of primary RSM prevention.

The latest epidemicsCollege cancer is the second type of cancer in women - according to estimates, 530, 000 new cases of illness are recorded each year, around 270, 000 patients are dying.The incidence retains the trend of growth.The probability of the CRM disease of each woman on average during her lifetime is 0. 53%.

Historical information and interesting factsIn the mid -1970s of the 20th century, scientist Harold Tsur Hauser discovered that women suffering from cervical cancer were invariably infected with the human papillomavirus. In 1983, he discovered the DNA of the papillomavirus in a cervical cancer biopsy, and this event can be considered to open the ONCOGENE HPV-16 virus. In 2008, the Nobel Committee awarded the Nobel Prize in the field of Harald Zur Hauser physiology and medicine for having discovered that the papillom virus can cause cervical cancer.